Below are two listings of time periods / eras I've encountered. The second is more in depth, though I admittedly am not sure about the categorizations. If you see anything that needs correcting, please let me know.

BC to 950 -- Ancient
950 to 1450 -- Medieval (approx)
1450 to 1558 -- Renaissance
1558 to 1603 -- Elizabethan
1603 to 1717 -- Stuart
1700's -- American Colonial
1717 to 1810 -- Georgian
1717 to 1719 and 1745 to 1746 -- Jacobite
1790's to 1837 -- Regency
1800's -- American Frontier
1837 to 1901 -- Victorian
1901 to 1910 -- Edwardian
1910 to Present -- Contemporary


Early Antiquity: 2999 BC to 500 BC
Including:
Adventus Saxonum: The coming of the Saxons. 428 to 500

Classic Antiquity: 499 BC to 500 ad
Arthurian Age: 500
Dark Ages: 400 to 1100
Romanesque Period: 500 to 1000

Early Middle Ages: 501 ad to 1400 ad
Including:
The Middle Ages: 600 to 1050
Carolingian Dynasty: 768 to 814

Carolus Magnus (Charlemagne), his empire, known as the Carolingian dynasty, includes the greater section of central Europe, northern Italy and central Italy in addition to realms already conquered by Frankish rule. His system of government divides the vast realm into different regions, ruled by local "counts" who are overseen by representatives of his own court. In addition, to aid expansion and administration of the kingdom, Charlemagne promotes, what is called later, the "Carolingian Renaissance." Prior to this revival of learning, practically the entire realm (with the exception of Benedictine England) is illiterate due to the decay of the Roman Empire. The director of the "renaissance" is Anglo-Saxon Benedictine Alcuin, who receives his learning from a student of Bede.
Viking Age: 787 to 1066
Capetian Era: 987 to 1328
Hugh Capet replaces the last of the Carolingian monarchs in France. The Capetian dynasty rules until 1328.

Medieval Period: 1000 to 1400
Agricultural Revolution: 1050 to 1200
The High Middle Ages: 1050 to 1300
The Norman Conquest: 1066 to 1087
Feudalism Era: 1066 to 1300
The Crusades: 1095 to 1299
Gothic Era: 1144 to 1400
The Age of Chivalry: 1165 to 1500
Robin Hood Era: 1189 to 1199
Jacobite Rising: 1297 to 1305

William Wallace ? Scotland's Fight For Freedom.

Late Middle Ages: 1301 ad to 1500 ad
Including:
Late Middle Ages: 1300 to 1500
The Great Famine: 1315 to 1317
Valois Dynasty: 1328 to 1589
Reformation Period: 1330 to 1384
The Hundred Year War: Between England and France 1337 to 1453
The Black Death: 1347 to 1350
English Renaissance: 1350 to 1555
Great Schism: 1378 to 1417
The Peasants' Revolt: 1381


Including:
Italian Territorial Papacy: 1417 to 1517
Italian Renaissance: 1420 to 1600
War of the Roses: 1455 to 1485
Tudor Period: 1485 to 1603
Colonial Period: 1497 to 1763

16th Century: 1501 ad to 1600 ad
Including:
Northern Renaissance: 1500 to 1615
Early Modern Era: 1500 to 1750
Elizabethan Period: 1558 to 1603
Early Colonial Period: 1558 to 1689
French Renaissance: 1558 to 1625
Shakespearean Age: 1564 to 1616

17th Century: 1601 ad to 1700 ad
Including:
Early Jacobean Period: 1603 to 1625
Colonial Era: 1607 to 1763
Carolean Period: 1625 to 1649
German Renaissance/Baroque: 1630 to 1750
Cromwellian Period: 1649 to 1660
Restoration Period: 1660 to 1689

Broad View:
Restoration Era: 1400s to 1700s
Chinoiseri: 1680 to 1770
Dutch Colonial: 1694 to 1702

18th Century: 1701 ad to 1800 ad
Including:
Victoria Era: 1709 to 1918
Early Georgian: 1714 to 1727
Age of Enlightenment: 1715 to 1799
Including:
French Regency Period: 1715 to 1723
Reign of Louis XV and Louis XVI: 1774 to 1791
French Revolution: 1789 to 1799
Georgian: 1727 to 1760
Rococo: 1730 to 1750
Late Jacobean Period: 1745 to 1746
Neo-Classic: 1750 to 1805
Modern Era: 1750 to Present
Late Georgian: 1760 to 1820
Road to Independence: 1763 to 1789
American Revolution Era: 1775 to 1789
The Early Republic: 1789 to 1823
Napoleonic Europe: 1799 to 1815

19th Century: 1801 ad to 1900 ad
Including:
French Restoration Period: 1815 to 1830
Regency Period: 1820 to 1830
Broad View:
English Regency Period: 1811 to 1820
English Regency Era: 1800 to 1830
The Civil War Era: 1820 to 1865
Eclectic: 1830 to 1880
Victorian Period: 1837 to 1901
Broad View:
Victorian Era: 1709 to 1918
The American Civil War: 1861 to 1865
Reconstruction Period: to 1896
World War Cycle: 1866 to 1885
Arts and Crafts: 1870 to 1900
Gilded Age: 1877 to 1901
The Progressive Era: 1879 to 1920
Art Noveau: 1884 to 1918
Missionary Awakening Era: 1886 to 1909
(French) La Belle Epoque: 1890 to 1914

20th Century: 1901 ad to 2000 ad
Including:
Edwardian Period: 1901 to 1910
Modern Jugensteil: 1910 to 1914
Prohibition Era: 1910 to 1929
Jazz Age: 1910 to 1945
World War I: 1914 to 1918
Art Deco: 1918 to 1939
The Roaring 20s: 1920 to 1929
The Depression: 1929 to 1944
World War II: 1939 to 1945
The Cold War: 1945 to 1989
Contemporary: 1945 to 1965